November 20, 2020 Seasonal Forecasts: Part II, NOAA Comparison with JAMSTEC

Written by Sig Silber

We published the NOAA Long-Term Forecast Part I on November 19, 2020. Here we compare the NOAA forecast for Alaska and CONUS with the JAMSTEC forecast. It is easier to see the disagreements by comparing the maps which we show side by side in a table with a summary of the comparison. Obviously, the further out you look, the less confidence you have in the forecasts and thus the differences in the forecasts. Also provided are the JAMSTEC World Forecasts. In Part I, we showed the differences in the assumptions with respect to ENSO and I have repeated them in this article. Again this month, it seems like JAMSTEC shows the Polar Branch of the Jet Stream farther north than NOAA has it.

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C. Comparison of the NOAA and JAMSTEC Forecasts

Below is the comparison of the NOAA and JAMSTEC temperature and precipitation forecast maps for three time-periods and from left to right the NOAA forecast for Alaska and CONUS (the contiguous mid-latitude U.S) and then JAMSTEC for North America (which includes Canada and Mexico). The NOAA forecast maps can be clicked on to enlarge. The JAMSTEC maps in the table are not set up to be clicked on to enlarge (because we have no larger version of them). We have concluded that these smaller images work fine for comparison purposes.  Later in the article, we show the World Forecasts.

JAMSTEC works with three-month seasons: Winter: DJF, Spring: MAM, and Summer JJA. Out of each three months, there is one where the months in the two forecasts align perfectly for the first time period. This is one of those months so for the first period we are comparing DJF for both JAMSTEC and NOAA.

In addition to the value of comparing the JAMSTEC and NOAA forecasts, the JAMSTEC forecast by showing North America provides more context for the Alaska and CONUS Forecasts as the temperature and precipitation patterns cover North America, not just Alaska and CONUS.

Map Comparisons and our Comments

Temperature

	NOAA Alaska Plus CONUS	JAMSTEC North America
WINTER DJF 2020-2021
SPRING MAM  2021
Summer JJA 2021

Precipitation

	NOAA Alaska Plus CONUS	JAMSTEC North America
Winter DJF 2000-2001
SPRING MAM 2021
Summer JJA 2021

JAMSTEC World Forecasts

This month our comments are taken directly from the JAMSTEC discussion.  Now that JAMSTEC has a number of models, we are not exactly sure of the best one to display and the forecasts vary somewhat model to model. We are using their newest model and the version which does not average the result with the original model. We assume that the JAMSTEC discussion considers their various models and provides their assessment having considered their full suite of models. The wording in the JAMSTEC discussion is stilted possibly because it is a translation from the Japanese version.

Winter which is DJF 2020-2021

Temperature

Precipitation

Spring which is MAM 2001

Precipitation

“

And Summer which is JJA 2021

Temperature

Precipitation

D. Conclusion

As usual, there is some disagreement between NOAA and JAMSTEC. If we were looking at North America as a whole, the disagreement would be less than when we look at only CONUS as some of the features shown by NOAA to be in CONUS are shown by JAMSTEC to be a bit farther north.

It is difficult to relate the differences in the forecast to differences in assumptions on ENSO. But JAMSTEC tends to consider other factors that may not be considered by NOAA. On the other hand, the new versions of the JAMSTEC model are early in their usage and may not have been fully calibrated. I do not think I have gone into it in detail but when it comes to models we need to recognize that there are limitations and NOAA and JAMSTEC use very different approaches which I have summarized in the below table.

So it is kind of a pick your poison choice. But both agencies have great skill at employing approaches that have inherent limitations.

E. Additional Information

JAMSTEC Discussion

We provided the full NOAA Discussion in Part I. We repeat it here.

Nov 12. 15, 2020 Prediction from 1st Oct., 2020 ENSO forecast:

ENSO forecast:

Observation shows that the SST anomalies associated with the developing La Niña have covered most part of the tropical Pacific now. The SINTEX-F predicts that this La Niña will be more La Niña Modoki-like and will persist in this year. Then, it will start to decay from the boreal spring of 2021. We need to be careful of its impact as it may be different from that of a canonical La Niña.

Indian Ocean forecast:

Observation shows that the tropical Indian Ocean is warmer-than-normal at present. The ensemble mean prediction suggests that the present condition will return to a neutral state in the boreal spring of 2021.

Regional forecast:

On a seasonal scale, the SINTEX-F predicts that most part of the globe will experience a warmer-than-normal condition in boreal winter except for Alaska, western Canada, Greenland, northern Brazil, Indochina Peninsula, and India. In boreal spring, the model predicts the persistence of a similar condition.

As regards to the seasonally averaged rainfall in boreal winter, a drier-than-normal condition is predicted for southern Alaska, southern U.S.A., eastern Brazil, La Plata Basin, southern Africa, southern Europe facing the Mediterranean Sea, eastern China, and Indonesia. In contrast, western Canada, most part of Brazil, northern Australia, Philippines, northern Europe, and northern Eurasia will experience a wetter-than-normal condition.

In boreal spring, a wetter-than-normal condition is predicted for Alaska, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, northern Australia, Indochina Peninsula, Philippines, central Africa, northern Europe, northeastern China, eastern Russia, and the Korean Peninsula. In contrast, western part of U.S.A (including California), some part of southern Africa, southern Europe, southeastern China, and Indonesia will experience a drier-than-normal condition.

The model predicts most part of Japan will experience warmer-than-normal condition in winter and spring as a seasonal average. As regards to the seasonally averaged rainfall, southern part of Japan will experience a drier-than-normal condition in winter. In spring, northern and southern parts of Japan will experience slightly wetter-than-normal conditions.

ENSO Phase

We showed some of this information in Part I am repeating it with some additions here.

Here is a larger version.

NOAA has their own proprietary model which they rarely use. It is not exactly clear why they shun their own model.

In most cases, I freeze the models as of the date of publication but for this one, I am going to just let the above model run so if you refer to the article in the future, the values in the above may not relate well to the discussion. But I am doing that so if you refer to this article in say two weeks, you will see if there has been any change in the forecast from this model.

Comparison models would include JAMSTEC

And the JAMSTEC Modoki Index

And the Australian BOM (Bureau of Meteorology) forecast for the Nino 3.4 Index.

I am going to introduce another graphic which is the prior month and current view of the subsurface along the Equator.

Last Month	This Month

Now let us look at the SOI which is used to confirm the La Nina. I did not present this graphic in Part I.

From the BOM Glossary

The Southern Oscillation Index, or SOI, gives an indication of the development and intensity of El Niño or La Niña events in the Pacific Ocean. The SOI is calculated using the pressure differences between Tahiti and Darwin.

Sustained negative values of the SOI below −7 often indicate El Niño episodes. These negative values are usually accompanied by sustained warming of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, a decrease in the strength of the Pacific Trade Winds, and a reduction in winter and spring rainfall over much of eastern Australia and the Top End. You can read more about historical El Niño events and their effect on Australia in the Detailed analysis of past El Niño events.

Sustainted positive values of the SOI above +7 are typical of a La Niña episode. They are associated with stronger Pacific trade winds and warmer sea temperatures to the north of Australia. Waters in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean become cooler during this time. Together these give an increased probability that eastern and northern Australia will be wetter than normal. You can read more about historical La Niña events and their effect on Australia in the Detailed analysis of past La Niña events.

I have not frozen the SOI graphic so we will be able to track the SOI in this article. It is not indicating a very strong La Nina so far.

La Nina Modoki

There is not a lot of information on this. There appear to be impacts on China and Australia. But how about the U.S.? This is the closest I could find.

This abstract (link for full report) might be informative

Abstract

The present work identifies two types of La Niña based on the spatial distribution of sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly. In contrast to the eastern Pacific (EP) La Niña event, a new type of La Niña (central Pacific, or CP La Niña) is featured by the SST cooling center over the CP. These two types of La Niña exhibit a fundamental difference in SST anomaly evolution: the EP La Niña shows a westward propagation feature while the CP La Niña exhibits a standing feature over the CP. The two types of La Niña can give rise to a significantly different teleconnection around the globe. As a response to the EP La Niña, the North Atlantic (NA)-Western European (WE) region experiences the atmospheric anomaly resembling a negative North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) pattern accompanied by a weakening Atlantic jet. It leads to a cooler and drier than normal winter over Western Europe. However, the CP La Niña has a roughly opposing impact on the NA-WE climate. A positive NAO-like climate anomaly is observed with a strengthening Atlantic jet, and there appears a warmer and wetter than normal winter over Western Europe. Modeling experiments indicate that the above contrasting atmospheric anomalies are mainly attributed to the different SST cooling patterns for the two types of La Niña. Mixing up their signals would lead to difficulty in seasonal prediction of regional climate. Since the La Niña-related SST anomaly is clearly observed during the developing autumn, the associated winter climate anomalies over Western Europe could be predicted a season in advance.

The key sentence from the above is: “And there appears a warmer and wetter than normal winter over Western Europe.”  Is this reflected in the JAMSTEC maps? It is for the Winter and Spring.