Written by Steven Hansen
The U.S. new cases 7-day rolling average are 32.8 % LOWER than the 7-day rolling average one week ago and U.S. deaths due to coronavirus are now 8.5 % LOWER than the rolling average one week ago. Today’s posts include:
- U.S. Coronavirus New Cases are 10,437
- U.S. Coronavirus deaths are at 362
- U.S. Coronavirus immunizations have been administered to 89.4 doses per 100 people.
- The 7-day rolling average rate of growth of the pandemic shows new cases worsened and deaths worsened
- SARS-CoV-2 genome analysis reveals new ‘Mexican variant’
- Fauci’s 2,000 emails a day show how little U.S. officials knew in the early days of Covid pandemic
- Antibodies Identified That Best Neutralize the Coronavirus in COVID-19 Patients
- Data on Delta variant splits scientists on lifting final Covid restrictions
- Royal Caribbean reverses, won’t require passengers on U.S. cruises to be vaccinated
- Before the pandemic, many states had anti-mask laws on the books. Repealing them could be a challenge.
- A city in China issues new lockdown orders to stop an outbreak from spreading.
- The cause and effects of fourth wave of pandemic in Delhi
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Hospitalizations Are The Only Accurate Gauge
Hospitalizations historically appear to be little affected by weekends or holidays. The hospitalization growth rate trend continues to improve.
source: https://gis.cdc.gov/grasp/covidnet/COVID19_3.html
Historically, hospitalization growth follows new case growth by one to two weeks.
As an analyst, I use the rate of growth to determine the trend. But, the size of the pandemic is growing in terms of real numbers – and if the rate of growth does not become negative – the pandemic will overwhelm all resources.
The graph below shows the rate of growth relative to the growth a week earlier updated through today [note that negative numbers mean the rolling averages are LOWER than the rolling averages one week ago]. As one can see, the rate of growth for new cases peaked in early December 2020 for Thanksgiving, and early January 2021 for end-of-year holidays – and it now shows that the coronavirus effect is improving.
In the scheme of things, new cases decline first, followed by hospitalizations, and then deaths. The potential fourth wave did not materialize likely due to immunizations.
Coronavirus News You May Have Missed
Econintersect published two summary articles for coronavirus news this past week:
A city in China issues new lockdown orders to stop an outbreak from spreading. – New York Times
More Covid-19 restrictions have been placed on Guangzhou, an industrial hub in southern China. The districts of Nansha, Huadu and Conghua are ordering residents and those who have traveled through the area to be tested for the virus. Video of a large testing site being set up at a stadium in the city was posted by the epidemiologist Dr. Eric Feigl-Ding on Twitter.
This is an expansion of recent lockdown orders, which were put into place in the Liwan District after a 75-year-old woman tested positive for the virus after dining at a dim sum restaurant in the neighborhood.
Restrictions have been placed on restaurants, gyms, pools and other public venues. Restaurants can no longer offer dine-in services, while the other businesses were forced to close. About a dozen subway stops throughout the city were also closed and schools have transitioned to remote learning.
Mainland China has been reporting an average of 38 new cases daily, with more than half of those cases detected in and around Guangzhou. The new cases are all thought to be the variant first found in India, now called the Delta variant.
[editor’s note: on a relative basis, there is no big outbreak in China]
The cause and effects of fourth wave of pandemic in Delhi – Economic Times
There have been four waves of coronavirus peak cases in Delhi so far, where the first one was reported June 2020. The second and third peaks were reported in September and November, respectively.
The cause of the most recent fourth wave in Delhi is mostly attributed to be the presence of the Delta variant (B.1.617.2), a sub-lineage of B.1.617.
Indian scientists have found that Delta, which has been categorised as a variant of concern (VOC) by World Health Organisation (WHO), is not only highly transmissible compared to the other variants but also has a higher viral load and vaccination breakthrough rate.
Indian scientists have found that Delta, which has been categorised as a variant of concern (VOC) by World Health Organisation (WHO), is not only highly transmissible compared to the other variants but also has a higher viral load and vaccination breakthrough rate.
Scientists from National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) and Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research (ASIR) have noted in the study, which is yet to be peer-reviewed, that “…prior infections, high seropositivity and partial vaccination are insufficient impediments to its spread”. The study concludes that “strong public health measures will be needed globally for its containment”.
The results of sero survey conducted in February 2021 pointed to the fact that more than half the population of the country’s capital city has already developed antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Despite that, the fourth wave turned out to be the deadliest one.
[editor’s note: also read India’s capital will ease some restrictions on Monday, even as it prepares for a possible third wave.]
Royal Caribbean reverses, won’t require passengers on U.S. cruises to be vaccinated – Miami Herald
Royal Caribbean International will no longer require any of its cruise passengers to be vaccinated for COVID-19 as it had previously planned to.
In a press release Friday announcing cruises for sale on eight of its ships from U.S. ports this summer, starting with Freedom of the Seas from PortMiami on July 2, the company said it will recommend passengers get the COVID-19 vaccine, but not require it. The announcement is a reversal from previous statements and vaccine protocols the company submitted to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention last month that said it would require all passengers at least 18 years old and older to be vaccinated.
“Guests are strongly recommended to set sail fully vaccinated, if they are eligible,” the company said in a statement. “Those who are unvaccinated or unable to verify vaccination will be required to undergo testing and follow other protocols, which will be announced at a later date.”
The about-face is an apparent submission to Gov. Ron DeSantis, who has insisted that there will be no exception made for cruise companies to a newly passed Florida law that fines companies $5,000 each time they ask a patron to provide proof of vaccination. Royal Caribbean International’s sister brand Celebrity Cruises (both owned by Royal Caribbean Group) is still requiring all passengers 16 years old or older be vaccinated on its seven-night Caribbean cruises that are restarting from Port Everglades on June 26.
Lyan Sierra-Caro, a spokesperson for Royal Caribbean International, said the plans to require passengers be vaccinated that the company submitted to the CDC only applied to its test cruises. According to CDC rules, cruise ships that don’t meet certain vaccination thresholds for passengers and crew must first do a successful test cruise before they can restart revenue cruises.
“Our intention is to comply with all federal, state and local laws,” she said via email.
[editor’s note: also read Bluff Called: Ron DeSantis Wins Big Over Cruise Line’s ‘Vaccine Passports’ and Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis calls CDC a ‘bureaucratic virus’ over vaccine requirements for cruise ships]
SARS-CoV-2 genome analysis reveals new ‘Mexican variant’ – News-Medical
A research group of the Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology of the University of Bologna analyzed more than one million SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences. This analysis led to the identification of a new variant that, over the past weeks, has been spreading mostly in Mexico but has also been found in Europe. Their paper published in the Journal of Medical Virology presented the so-called “Mexican variant”, whose scientific name is T478K. Like other strains, this presents a mutation in the Spike protein, which allows coronaviruses to attach to and penetrate their targeted cells.
This variant has been increasingly spreading among people in North America, particularly in Mexico. To date, this variant covers more than 50% of the existing viruses in this area. The rate and speed of the spread recall those of the ‘British variant. The mutation of the Spike protein is structurally located in the region of interaction with human receptor ACE2. Coronaviruses attach to this receptor to infect cells, thus spreading the infection with more efficacy“.
Federico Giorgi, study coordinator and professor, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna
The researchers started from the analysis of almost 1.2 million sequenced samples of the SARS-CoV-2 genome found in international databases until April 27, 2021. The new T478K variant was detected in 11435 samples. This is double the number of samples that presented the same variant just a month earlier. Such an increase since the beginning of 2021 alarmed the researchers.
The “Mexican variant” spreads evenly across males and females and age ranges. This variant represents 52.8% of all sequenced coronaviruses in Mexico, whereas in the United States it shows up only in 2.7% of the sequenced samples. As concerns Europe, the “Mexican variant” has spread feebly in Germany, Sweden, and Switzerland. In Italy is virtually non-existent with only 4 reported cases.
Researchers examine the potential anti-coronavirus activities of an over-the-counter drink – News-Medical
Could an over-the-counter health “shot” help fight COVID-19? George Mason University researchers think it just might.
Cell and Bioscience recently highlighted research led by Yuntao Wu and Ramin Hakami in which they examined the potential anti-coronavirus activities of an over-the-counter drink called Respiratory Detox Shot (RDS).
RDS is a remedy containing nine herbal ingredients traditionally used in Eastern medicine to manage lung diseases. The researchers reported that RDS inhibited the infection of target cells by SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses and by infectious wild-type SARS-CoV-2. Their results suggest that RDS might broadly inhibit respiratory viruses, such as influenza.
… The team screened extracts from approximately 40 medicinal herbs using a SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus and human lung cells. They also screened for possible anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of RDS.
For the study, they pretreated cells with diluted RDS and then infected the cells in the presence of RDS for four to six hours. After infection, they cultured cells in the absence of RDS and then quantified the cells to determine if viral infection was inhibited at 48 and 72 hours.
Subsequently, the researchers used the Biomedical Research Lab on Mason’s Science and Technology Campus to confirm the in vitro efficacy of RDS against infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus.
[The] study revealed that RDS contains very potent ingredients that can destroy the infectivity of SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and influenza A virus, even at very low dosages, said Wu, a professor in Mason’s National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases and a study co-author. In addition, the investigators have demonstrated that RDS is effective against the SARS-CoV-2 variants in vitro. [editor’s note: one place I found this Respiratory Detox Shot (RDS) was at Amazon. This product contains Schizonepeta Herb, Honeysuckle Flower, Scrophularia Root, Forsythia Fruit, Gleditsia Thorn, Apricot Kernel (Processed), Licorice Root, Ginseng Root, Honeycomb, Purified Water, Elderberry Juice, and Glycerin.]
Fauci’s 2,000 emails a day show how little U.S. officials knew in the early days of Covid pandemic – CNBC
… His emails are peppered with pitches from people of widely varying levels of expertise offering their best guesses for how to deal with the ongoing crisis.
One person who reached out in early March, describing himself as “neither a physician or a scientist,” suggested that the government expose U.S. adults to other known and “less lethal” coronaviruses to try to develop some level of immunity against the new virus.
Fauci responded at 10:50 p.m.: “Thank you for your note. AS Fauci.”
Quilter Ami Simms reached out in mid-March to offer her services to the NIH in making a pattern for face masks. She said she’s mobilized quilters for other causes in the past and there were “millions of sewers who would be delighted to step up and help right now.” Fauci forwarded the email to Dr. Andrea Lerner, a top medical officer at his agency.
… The question of masks came up early and often, and some of Fauci’s advice later proved to be wrong.
In a Feb. 5, 2020 email to American University President Sylvia Burwell, who served as HHS secretary under former President Barack Obama, Fauci advised her against wearing a mask at the airport. “The typical mask you buy in the drugstore is not really effective at keeping the virus out, which is small enough to pass through the material,” he wrote.
Chinese immunologist George Gao reached out to Fauci in late March to apologize for criticizing the U.S. mask policy. “How could I say such a word ‘big mistake’ about others? That was the journalist’s wording. Hope you understand,” Gao wrote.
The U.S. wouldn’t change its mask guidance until July.
… A Feb. 1 email from Fauci’s deputy director at NAIAD, Hugh Auchincloss, indicates the agency was trying to determine whether it was involved in so-called gain of function research at the Wuhan Institute of Virology. The lab has since been thrust into the spotlight on the debate over the origins of the virus after media reports surfaced that at least three researchers there had become sick enough from a Covid-like infection in Nov. 2019 to seek hospital treatment.
Fauci had sent Auchincloss a 2015 study published in Nature Medicine titled “A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence.” The study was funded in part by the NIAID and had multiple authors mostly from prestigious U.S. institutions. One of them, however, was based at the Wuhan institute where researchers were using the controversial style of research, which takes a pathogen and makes it more deadly or contagious to study ways to combat it.
“The paper you sent me says the experiments were performed before the gain of function pause but have since been reviewed and approved by NIH. Not sure what that means since Emily is sure that no Coronavirus work has gone through the P3 framework. She will try to determine if we have any distant ties to this work abroad,” Auchincloss replied.
[editor’s note: Please note that after reading all the Dr. Fauci emails made public – I find no smoking gun – just bad decisions. also read Fauci haunted by the ghosts of abandoned coronavirus opinions]
US officials may have avoided the coronavirus lab-leak theory to avoid associations with controversial gain-of-function research – Business Insider
Competing theories about the coronavirus’ origin have recently thrust this gain-of-function debate into the spotlight, since a prominent lab, the Wuhan Institute of Virology, was conducting that kind of research on coronaviruses. What’s more, the US has funded grants that supported that lab — which might have given State Department officials an incentive not to thoroughly investigate the possibility of a lab leak, according to a recent Vanity Fair investigation.
Vanity Fair reported that at a December 2020 meeting, US State Department officials were “explicitly told by colleagues not to explore the Wuhan Institute of Virology’s gain-of-function research, because it would bring unwelcome attention to US government funding of it.”
For years, the US government gave grants to a nonprofit called EcoHealth Alliance, which in turn funded gain-of-function research — including studies at the Wuhan institute.
In a January internal memo obtained by Vanity Fair, Thomas DiNanno, former acting assistant secretary of the State Department’s Bureau of Arms Control, Verification, and Compliance, wrote that his colleagues had warned leaders within his bureau “not to pursue an investigation into the origin of COVID-19” because it would “open a can of worms.”
Of course, the possibility that US officials may have wanted to distance themselves from any association with gain-of-function work doesn’t necessarily make the lab-leak theory more credible. The leading theory is still that the virus spilled over to people from animals. That’s because around 75% of all new infectious diseases come to us from animals, and the coronavirus’ genetic code is very similar to that of other coronaviruses found in bats.
Still, a growing chorus of political and public-health leaders are calling for more thorough investigations into the coronavirus’ origin, including the possibility that it leaked from a lab.
The lab leak theory gained traction again at the end of March, after World Health Organization Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus stated that “all hypotheses remain on the table” as to the virus’ origin — even after a WHO report concluded that a lab leak was unlikely. In a May letter, a group of biologists wrote that the lab-leak theory should be taken seriously “until we have sufficient data.”
Proponents of this possibility usually point to the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV), since scientists were studying coronaviruses there before the pandemic.
But at the start of the pandemic, scientists quickly shut down the notion that the WIV could be to blame. A February 2020 statement published by 27 scientists in the journal The Lancet said the scientific community had overwhelmingly concluded that the virus originated in wildlife.
… In May 2014, EcoHealth received a roughly $3.7 million grant from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of which went toward gain-of-function experiments. By 2018, EcoHealth was receiving up to $15 million per year in grant money from federal agencies, according to Vanity Fair.
In one instance, EcoHealth Alliance helped fund research that created a new infectious pathogen using the molecular structure of the SARS virus. The aim of the study, according to the researchers, was to warn of the potential risk of a SARS-related virus re-emerging from bats.
[editor’s note: a good balanced post on the origins of the pandemic which deserves a full read]
Data on Delta variant splits scientists on lifting final Covid restrictions – The Guardian
Health experts remain divided over the dangers posed by the new Delta variant of Covid-19 and the risks it poses to the nation as ministers consider whether or not to lift lockdown later this month.
Some argue that the new variant, first identified in India, is a significantly increased threat to the UK and have urged that delays be imposed on the total removal of social restrictions, due on 21 June.
“By the government’s own criteria, it would be foolish now to proceed on the data that we’ve got. The risk would be very great indeed,’ said Professor Stephen Reicher, a member of the Scientific Pandemic Insights Group on Behaviours (SPI-B) which advises the government. Reicher said the current assessment of the risks not being fundamentally changed by the appearance of the Delta variant was “not upheld”.
This view was backed by scientists of the Independent Sage group, who argued that data indicated the Delta variant had higher infectivity and was more likely to cause disease and hospitalisations. “That makes it very difficult to justify progressing with the last stage of lockdown,” the group said last week.
Other scientists believe such calls are premature. While urging caution, they say fears that the Delta variant poses a significant new threat – both in terms of infectivity and as a cause of serious illness – are premature. “The suggestion that the India variant is more pathogenic needs to be taken with a big dose of salt,” said Ian Jones, professor of rirology, Reading University.
Antibodies Identified That Best Neutralize the Coronavirus in COVID-19 Patients – SciTechDaily
… So, what are antibodies? These are proteins produced by the body’s immune system to combat foreign proteins, such as the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Antibodies function by binding to a specific part of the virus that the immune system recognizes, called “antigens.” SARS-CoV-2 is composed of four major proteins, with two being highly immunogenic (capable of producing an immune response). These immunogenic proteins are called spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins. Presence of antibodies specific to the S protein means there is a higher amount of virus-neutralizing activity while antibodies specific to N protein indicate the presence of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Despite this general awareness, we actually have only a vague understanding of how different antibodies (or antibody “isotypes”) interact with the various antigens produced by SARS-CoV-2. Hence, a team of scientists led by Senior Assistant Professor Hidetsugu Fujigaki and Professor Yohei Doi from Fujita Health University, in collaboration with National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, and FUJIFILM Corporation undertook the first detailed investigation of these interactions. “Our goal was to quantify the neutralizing activity of these different antibodies against SARS-CoV-2,” Dr. Fujigaki explains, “We looked at antibodies specific to different parts of the S protein and the N protein to determine which of them was the best predictor of stopping the virus.”
They did this through an analysis of blood samples from 41 COVID-19 patients at the Fujita Health University Hospital. The team developed assays using three common antibodies (IgG, IgM, and IgA), each of them split into isotypes that bind specifically to five antigens (three parts of the S protein, including the receptor binding domain [RBD], the full S protein, and the full N protein).
The results of their experiments showed that all antibody isotypes that bind to the S protein (full and parts) were highly specific, but antibody isotypes binding to the N protein were less so. With minor variations, all antibodies are detectable in patients at approximately 2 weeks after symptoms appear, and detection sensitivity was higher than 90% (except in the case of IgM binding to N protein). Importantly, the researchers showed that IgG specific to the RBD of S protein had the highest correlation with virus neutralizing activity and disease severity. In other words, measuring RBD-specific IgG levels could tell us a lot about the immune response of COVID-19 patients, and could be the foundation for improving COVID-19 blood tests.
“We are also very excited by our findings because of their implications for convalescent serum/plasma therapy, a type of treatment where you transfuse blood from people who recovered from COVID and have high levels of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2,” Dr. Fujigaki adds, “Being able to show that the IgG antibody against RBD is highly correlated with neutralizing activity means we can identify appropriate blood donors for this treatment.”
Before the pandemic, many states had anti-mask laws on the books. Repealing them could be a challenge. – New York Times
Long before the pandemic arrived on American shores,
were debates over the politics of mask wearing. More than a dozen states have laws barring people from covering their faces in public, most of them ordinances passed to deter the Ku Klux Klan hate group.
Those laws were suspended, revoked or not enforced as mask wearing in many states became a public health exigency.
But as the pandemic recedes in the United States and emergency orders related to the pandemic expire, the question of what to do with the old mask laws is resurfacing.
When Virginia’s coronavirus state of emergency expires on June 30, a mask ban from 1950 will come back into force.
The anti-Klan law, which presciently included an exemption for the declaration of a public health emergency, bars “any person over 16 years of age to, with the intent to conceal his identity, wear any mask, hood or other device whereby a substantial portion of the face is hidden or covered so as to conceal the identity of the wearer.”
… An article in the California Law Review published in November listed 18 states that had anti-mask laws predating the pandemic.
The following are foreign headlines with hyperlinks to the posts
Numbers inside Japan’s efforts to host the Olympics amid COVID-19
Lavish nights of clubbing spawn Thailand’s most serious outbreak.
For first time, 0 new local coronavirus cases in Israel
India to ease lockdown rules as coronavirus case numbers decline
The following additional national and state headlines with hyperlinks to the posts
Maui ends testing requirement for unvaccinated visitors
Cancer patients on remote monitoring program less likely to require hospitalization for COVID-19
MSU research reveals how the skin’s immune cells organize themselves to ward off intruders
Golfer Jon Rahm Tests Positive for COVID, Withdraws From Memorial With No Symptoms – Rahm has no symptoms and had tested negative every day this week. Oh, he has a six-shot lead after 54 holes heading into Sunday’s final round, which he won’t play
25 Republican-led states are limiting or cutting off federal relief for workers ahead of schedule.
Florida will no longer publish daily coronavirus reports.
Trump demands China pay ‘reparations’ for role in coronavirus pandemic
Today’s Posts On Econintersect Showing Impact Of The Pandemic With Hyperlinks
COVID Lasted Longer Than Expected. What Happened To Retail Space?
Puzzlingly Divergent Trends In Household Wealth And Business Formation
Coronavirus Disease Weekly News 06June 2021
Coronavirus Economic Weekly News 06June 2021
I’m Fully Vaccinated But Feel Sick. Should I Get Tested For COVID-19?
Warning to Readers
The amount of politically biased articles on the internet continues. And studies and opinions of the experts continue to contradict other studies and expert opinions. Honestly, it is difficult to believe anything anymore.
I assemble this coronavirus update daily – sifting through the posts on the internet. I try to avoid politically slanted posts (mostly from CNN, New York Times, and the Washington Post) and can usually find unslanted posts on that subject from other sources on the internet. I wait to publish posts on subjects that I cannot validate across several sources. But after all this extra work, I do not know if I have conveyed the REAL facts. It is my job to provide information so that you have the facts necessary – and then it is up to readers to draw conclusions.
Analyst Opinion of Coronavirus Data
There are several takeaways that need to be understood when viewing coronavirus statistical data:
- The global counts are suspect for a variety of reasons including political. Even the U.S. count has issues as it is possible that as much as half the population has had coronavirus and was asymptomatic. It would be a far better metric using a random sampling of the population weekly. In short, we do not understand the size of the error in the tracking numbers.
- Just because some of the methodology used in aggregating the data in the U.S. is flawed – as long as the flaw is uniformly applied – you establish a baseline. This is why it is dangerous to compare two countries as they likely use different methodologies to determine who has (and who died) from coronavirus.
- COVID-19 and the flu are different but can have similar symptoms. COVID-19 so far is much more deadly than the flu. [click here to compare symptoms]
- From an industrial engineering point of view, one can argue that it is best to flatten the curve only to the point that the health care system is barely able to cope. This solution only works if-and-only-if one can catch this coronavirus once and develops immunity. In the case of COVID-19, herd immunity may need to be in the 80% to 85% range. WHO warns that few have developed antibodies to COVID-19 when recovering from COVID-19. Herd immunity does not look like an option as the variants are continuing to look for ways around immunity.
- Older population countries will have a significantly higher death rate as there is relatively few hospitalizations and deaths in younger age groups..
- There are at least 8 strains of the coronavirus.
What we do or do not know about the coronavirus [actually there is little scientifically proven information]. Most of our knowledge is anecdotal, from studies with limited subjects, or from studies without peer review.
- How many people have been infected as many do not show symptoms?
- Masks do work. Unfortunately, early in the pandemic, many health experts — in the U.S. and around the world — decided that the public could not be trusted to hear the truth about masks. Instead, the experts spread a misleading message, discouraging the use of masks.
- Current thinking is that we develop at least 12 months of immunity from further COVID infection.
- The Moderna and Pfizer vaccines have an effectiveness rate of about 95 percent after two doses. That is on par with the vaccines for chickenpox and measles. The 95 percent number understates the effectiveness as it counts anyone who came down with a mild case of Covid-19 as a failure.
- To what degree do people who never develop symptoms contribute to transmission? Research early in the pandemic suggested that the rate of asymptomatic infections could be as high as 81%. But a meta-analysis, which included 13 studies involving 21,708 people, calculated the rate of asymptomatic presentation to be 17%.
- The accuracy of rapid testing is questioned – and the more accurate test results are not being given in a timely manner.
- Can children widely spread coronavirus? [current thinking is that they are a minor source of the pandemic spread]
- Why have some places avoided big coronavirus outbreaks – and others hit hard?
- Air conditioning contributes to the pandemic spread.
- It appears that there is increased risk of infection and mortality for those living in larger occupancy households.
- Male patients have almost three times the odds of requiring intensive treatment unit (ITU) admission compared to females.
- Outdoor activities seem to be a lower risk than indoor activities.
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