Written by Steven Hansen
The U.S. new cases 7-day rolling average are 0.5 % HIGHER than the 7-day rolling average one week ago. U.S. hospitalizations due to COVID-19 are now 5.0 % HIGHER than the rolling average one week ago. U.S. deaths due to coronavirus are now 8.4 % HIGHER than the rolling average one week ago. Today’s posts include:
- U.S. Coronavirus New Cases are at an elevated 189,099
- U.S. Coronavirus deaths are at an elevated 1,509
- U.S. Coronavirus hospitalizations are at an elevated 113,663
- The 7-day rolling average rate of growth of the pandemic shows new cases improved, hospitalizations improved, and deaths improved
- U.S. surgeon general: No evidence that U.K.’s new COVID-19 strain will affect vaccinations
- Using wearable activity trackers to distinguish COVID-19 from flu
- CDC advisory group: Older adults, front-line essential workers to get Covid vaccine next
- Young people regarded COVID-19 as a threat to the older generation but not to themselves
- Will San Francisco, New York, and other big cities recover from COVID-19? What a post-vaccine city could look like
- The traditional model for disease spread may not work in COVID-19
- How the U.S. is planning for a Covid-Christmas
- Putin lauds AstraZeneca as it signs vaccine tie-up deal with Russia
The recent worsening of the trendlines for new cases should be attributed to going back to college/university, cooler weather causing more indoor activities, possible mutation of the virus, fatigue from wearing masks / social distancing, holiday activities, political rallies / voting, and continued loosening of regulations designed to slow the coronavirus spread.
My continuing advice is to continue to wash your hands (especially after using the toilet as COVID first sheds in your stool), putting down the toilet seat (as flushing the toilet releases a plume), wear masks, avoid crowds, and maintain social distancing. No handwashing, mask, or social distancing will guarantee you do not get infected – but it sure as hell lowers the risk in all situations – and the evidence to-date shows a lower severity of COVID-19. In addition, certain activities are believed to carry higher risk – like being inside in air conditioning and removing your mask (such as restaurants, around your children/grandchildren, bars, and gyms). It is all about viral load – and outdoor activities are generally safe if you can maintain social distance. Finally, studies show eating right (making sure you are supporting your immune system) and adequate sleep increase your ability to fight off COVID.
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Hospitalizations (grey line) and Mortality (green line)
source: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/covidview/index.html
The Impact of Holidays
The 4 day Thanksgiving holiday period put a wobble in the trends. Over weekends and holidays, the number of new cases and deaths decline. Over weekends, this is not a problem for week-over-week rolling averages as weekends are compared against the previous weekend. But when a holiday falls within a working week, a non-working day is compared to a working day which causes havok in the trends. However, hospitalizations historically appear to be little affected by weekends or holidays – the daily counts do not vary significantly from day-to-day.
The hospitalization growth rate trend is growing at an ever slowing growth rate which is all good news as it means the number of beds needed is currently growing around 5 % every week.
The above graph demonstrates in the last week hospitalization rate of growth has been relatively steady. We are now seeing the size of the impact of commingling and travel over the Thanksgiving holiday period – roughly, it seems to have added around 5 % to the rate of growth of new cases, hospitalizations, and deaths.
Historically, hospitalization growth follows new case growth by one to two weeks.
As an analyst, I use the rate of growth to determine the trend. But, the size of the pandemic is growing in terms of real numbers – and if the rate of growth does not become negative – the pandemic will overwhelm all resources.
The graph below shows the rate of growth relative to the growth a week earlier updated through today [note that negative numbers mean the rolling averages are LOWER than the rolling averages one week ago]. As one can see, the rate of growth for new cases peaked over one month ago and the rate of growth has been decelerating.
This graph is currently demonstrating that the actions to contain the pandemic are working – but the rate of growth improvement is too slow as we are still seeing record numbers. In the scheme of things, new cases decline first, followed by hospitalizations, and then deaths.
It is up to each of our readers to protect themselves and others by washing your hands, wearing a mask, avoiding crowds, and maintaining social distancing.
Coronavirus News You May Have Missed
U.S. surgeon general: No evidence that U.K.’s new COVID-19 strain will affect vaccinations – Axios
U.S. Surgeon General Jerome Adams said Sunday there are “no indications” that a new strain of COVID-19, said to be identified in England, will slow U.S. vaccination efforts.
- Johnson also said there’s “considerable uncertainty” on details of the new strain, which the U.K. and World Health Organization have both said they identified.
The big picture: “Right now, we have no indications that it is going to hurt our ability to continue vaccinating people or that it is any more dangerous or deadly than the strains that are currently out there and that we know about,” Adams said
- Adams added that the same routines that have been shown to prevent the virus from spreading — such as washing hands, keeping household gatherings small, social distancing and wearing a mask — are still the most effective mitigation efforts as Americans wait to get vaccinated, even if this mutation is more contagious.
Of note: Former Surgeon General Vivek Murthy, a member of President-elect Joe Biden’s COVID-19 task force and his nominee to take on the role again, shared Adam’s view on Sunday that the mutation does not yet appear to affect coronavirus vaccinations.
[editor’s note: there is NO evidence that this virus mutation is more or less deadly – but may be up to 70 % more contagious. And there is NO evidence that the Moderna or Pfizer vaccines will work against these new mutations – especially as both of these vaccines target the spiky protein that the virus uses to attach to and infect cells which is what is mutating. Also read Mutation in New U.K. COVID Strain Found in Brazil Last Spring. ]
- “This news from the U.K. is that they have a strain of the virus that according to the U.K. appears to be more transmissible, more contagious than the virus that we’ve seen circulating prior to this,” Murthy told NBC’s “Meet the Press.”
- “While it seems to be more easily transmissible, we do not have evidence yet that this is a more deadly virus to an individual who acquires it.”
The Coronavirus Is Mutating. What Does That Mean for Us? – New York Times
The British variant has about 20 mutations, including several that affect how the virus locks onto human cells and infects them. These mutations may allow the variant to replicate and transmit more efficiently, said Muge Cevik, an infectious disease expert at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland and a scientific adviser to the British government.
But the estimate of greater transmissibility — British officials said the variant was as much as 70 percent more transmissible — is based on modeling and has not been confirmed in lab experiments, Dr. Cevik added.
… But several experts urged caution, saying it would take years — not months — for the virus to evolve enough to render the current vaccines impotent.
“No one should worry that there is going to be a single catastrophic mutation that suddenly renders all immunity and antibodies useless,” Dr. Bloom said.
… Like all viruses, the coronavirus is a shape-shifter. Some genetic changes are inconsequential, but some may give it an edge.
Scientists fear the latter possibility, especially: The vaccination of millions of people may force the virus to new adaptations, mutations that help it evade or resist the immune response. Already, there are small changes in the virus that have arisen independently multiple times across the world, suggesting these mutations are helpful to the pathogen.
The mutation affecting antibody susceptibility — technically called the 69-70 deletion, meaning there are missing letters in the genetic code — has been seen at least three times: in Danish minks, in people in Britain and in an immune-suppressed patient who became much less sensitive to convalescent plasma.
… Several recent papers have shown that the coronavirus can evolve to avoid recognition by a single monoclonal antibody, a cocktail of two antibodies or even convalescent serum given to a specific individual.
Fortunately, the body’s entire immune system is a much more formidable adversary.
… Escape from immunity requires that a virus accumulate a series of mutations, each allowing the pathogen to erode the effectiveness of the body’s defenses. Some viruses, like influenza, amass those changes relatively quickly. But others, like the measles virus, collect hardly any of the alterations.
Even the influenza virus needs five to seven years to collect enough mutations to escape immune recognition entirely, Dr. Bloom noted. His lab on Friday published a new report showing that common cold coronaviruses also evolve to escape immune detection — but over many years.
… The good news is that the technology used in the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines is much easier to adjust and update than conventional vaccines. The new vaccines also generate a massive immune response, so the coronavirus may need many mutations over years before the vaccines must be tweaked, Dr. Bedford said.
In the meantime, he and other experts said, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other government agencies should set up a national system to link viral sequence databases with on-the-ground data — like whether an infection occurred despite vaccination.
[editor’s note: according to CNN, “the Walter Reed team started examining genetic sequences of the new UK variant posted online by British researchers. They will do a computer analysis as a first step.” “The computer analysis will allow us to gauge how much concern we should have,” Michael said. “Other teams around the world are doing this analysis, too.”]
Using wearable activity trackers to distinguish COVID-19 from flu – EurekAlert
By analyzing Fitbit data and self-reported symptoms, researchers from Evidation Health and collaborators analyzed trends in heart rate, step count, and symptom duration between patients with flu and those with COVID-19. While both showed similar-looking spikes in resting heart rate and decreases in average step count, COVID-19 symptoms lasted longer and peaked later. Contrasting and comparing flu and COVID-19 is important for COVID-19 screening, as current practices often only check for more general symptoms like fever. The study was conducted using Evidation’s app and network, Achievement–a connected cohort comprised of over 4 million individuals nationwide. The results appear December 12 in the journal Patterns.
“It’s surprising to see that many screening tests at building entrances are all temperature-based, since a lot of people don’t develop a fever right away and there are so many things that cause fever other than COVID-19.” says senior author Luca Foschini, co-founder of Evidation Health, based in the United States. “A huge spike in resting heart rate is a more sensitive indicator of COVID. And for people with activity trackers, you could ask them permission to share that information for screening purposes, just like taking a temperature reading.”
CDC advisory group: Older adults, front-line essential workers to get Covid vaccine next – Yahoo
People ages 75 and older and front-line essential workers will be next in line to receive Covid-19 vaccines, according to recommendations from a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention advisory committee.
On Sunday, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices voted in favor of the recommendations, which will go on to the CDC for final approval.
The new proposal comes less than a week after the first Covid-19 vaccines went out to health care workers and people living in long-term care facilities across the country. That group is referred to as Phase 1A. The Food and Drug Administration has granted emergency use authorization to two Covid-19 vaccines, from Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna.
In addition to those 75 and older, the next phase, deemed Phase 1B, would include first responders, such as firefighters and police officers, as well as teachers, day care staff and others working in education. Corrections officers, U.S. postal workers, public transit workers and those whose jobs are essential for the food supply — from farmers to grocery store employees — are also next up to receive the vaccine. Altogether, this group includes about 49 million people.
The shots are not expected imminently, but they should begin in the coming weeks, depending on how quickly a sufficient number of people in Phase 1A are vaccinated.
The reason the committee needed to recommend specific groups to specific phases of rollout is simple: There is not enough vaccine yet for everyone who needs one.
Young people regarded COVID-19 as a threat to the older generation but not to themselves – EurekAlert
At the start of the pandemic, young Singaporeans regarded COVID-19 as a threat to the older generation but not to themselves, finds NTU Singapore study
During the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak, young Singaporeans understood the infectious disease to be risky for their parents and older relatives, but not themselves, a Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (NTU Singapore) study has found.
Young Singaporeans were more concerned about the dangers of fake news surrounding COVID-19 rather than the health threat posed by the disease and believed misinformation about the pandemic affected the older generation more than them.
How the U.S. is planning for a Covid-Christmas – Statista
Whatever your Christmas plans this year, chances are this festive period won’t resemble any in recent memory. With the country still fighting the Covid-19 pandemic, restrictions on our daily lives force us to adapt our behaviour and our life plans to protect our health and that of others.
A new Statista survey in the U.S. reveals the changes people are making to their holiday plans to adapt to the current situation. At 33 percent, the most commonly cited change was to celebrate in a smaller circle than usual. In preparation for the event, 30 percent said they will be avoiding physical stores and moving their gift buying online.
Despite the extraordinary circumstances, only 14 percent said they aren’t getting into the Christmas spirit. There also appears to be a general acceptance of the changes required with just 12 percent of respondents saying they think there should be no Covid-related restrictions during the festive period.
You will find more infographics at Statista
With the COVID-19 vaccine beginning to roll out, how the biggest cities in the United States — economic engines and cultural cauldrons such as New York, Los Angeles, Boston, Miami — return from the deadliest global health crisis in a century may in some ways foreshadow how the United States bounces back.
An altered future seems inevitable. Just over half of those polled in September by the Pew Research Center said they expect their lives will remain changed in major ways after the pandemic. For some, that has meant moving; a June Pew survey revealed one in five said the outbreak made them or someone they know change residence.
But despite the budget shortfalls plaguing nearly every major city due to the pandemic, urban planners, economists and architects share a resoundingly positive consensus. They say that buoyed by a younger demographic drawn to jobs, social opportunities and public services, cities will survive this crisis much as they did the Spanish Flu of 1918 and the terrorist attacks on 9/11, an echo of European capitals’ resilience after the bubonic plague of the 1300s and cholera outbreak of the early 1800s.
Some even posit that a year from now the United States might be in the midst of a new Roaring ’20s, a reference to giddy good times that followed the Spanish Flu.
Economists at the University of California, Los Angeles, released a study last week predicting a “gloomy winter” would be supplanted by a leap in gross domestic product from a weak 1.2% in the current quarter to 6% by next spring, with more growth in sight.
Consider these possible best-case-scenario changes — most driven by employees continuing to work at least part-time from home — that experts say could come to our urban centers as COVID-19 hits the nation’s rearview mirror:
— The need for commercial real estate shrinks, with some office spaces converted into living quarters. A boom in available housing drives down ownership and rental costs, revitalizing downtowns.
— Ridership grows for improved public transportation systems, as flexible work schedules mean a move away from traditional commuting hours and increased demand for all-day access.
— Parks mushroom across cities as residents crave more open spaces as a reaction to both pandemic-era social distancing habits and more time spent outdoors over the past year.
— Restaurants roar back as the need to socialize returns, leaning heavily on new habits that include using sidewalks and parking spots as outdoor eating options.
[editor’s note: this think piece deserves a full read]
Putin lauds AstraZeneca as it signs vaccine tie-up deal with Russia – Reuters
Russian President Vladimir Putin on Monday hailed British drugmaker AstraZeneca’s decision to test combining its own experimental COVID-19 vaccine with Russia’s Sputnik V shot, as Moscow said the start of clinical trials was imminent.
Clinical trials, still under way, have shown Sputnik V has an efficacy rate of over 90%, higher than that of AstraZeneca’s own vaccine and similar to those of U.S. rivals Pfizer and Moderna.
Kate Bingham, chair of Britain’s vaccine task force, said this month the UK would start trials next year using combinations of different kinds of vaccine for the initial and booster vaccinations, in the hope that a “mix-and-match” approach might maximise the immune response.
The cooperation between one of Britain’s most valuable listed companies and the state-backed Russian research institute highlights the pressure to develop an effective shot to fight the pandemic, which has killed over 1.6 million people.
Traditional model for disease spread may not work in COVID-19 – EurekAlert
A mathematical model that can help project the contagiousness and spread of infectious diseases like the seasonal flu may not be the best way to predict the continuing spread of the novel coronavirus, especially during lockdowns that alter the normal mix of the population, researchers report.
Called the R-naught, or basic reproductive number, the model predicts the average number of susceptible people who will be infected by one infectious person. It’s calculated using three main factors — the infectious period of the disease, how the disease spreads and how many people an infected individual will likely come into contact with.
Historically, if the R-naught is larger than one, infections can become rampant and an epidemic or more widespread pandemic is likely. The COVID-19 pandemic had an early R-naught between two and three.
In a letter published in Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, corresponding author Dr. Arni S.R. Srinivasa Rao, a mathematical modeler at the Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, argues that while it’s never possible to track down every single case of an infectious disease, the lockdowns that have become necessary to help mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic have complicated predicting the disease’s spread.
Rao and his co-authors instead suggest more of a dynamic, moment in time approach using a model called the geometric mean. That model uses today’s number to predict tomorrow’s numbers. Current number of infections — in Augusta today, for example — is divided by the number of predicted infections for tomorrow to develop a more accurate and current reproductive rate.
While this geometric method can’t predict long term trends, it can more accurately predict likely numbers for the short term.
[editor’s note:I use a trend analysis to project numbers using the change in the rate of growth which is the same technique used in economic statistical analysis. No statistical or analytical method cannot predict mutations or mass spreading events such as holidays]
The following are foreign headlines with hyperlinks to the posts
Saudi Arabia halts all international travel for 1 week
Nations impose UK travel bans over new variant
EU Approves Use Of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine
Reuters reported that the chief health officer for New South Wales, Kerry Chant, confirmed six new cases of COVID-19 across the state on Monday, including two that were believed to be the new, fast-spreading strain that forced British authorities to shut down the Christmas shopping season this weekend.
British Schools Might Not Open After Christmas Following COVID Mutation
Hong Kong police arrest a coronavirus patient who fled the hospital.
China aims to vaccinate 50 million people by mid-February.
Doctors in Kenya go on strike as virus cases rise
British Airways agrees to require Covid test before NY flights, Cuomo says
Corona: How the virus interacts with cells
The following additional national and state headlines with hyperlinks to the posts
Biden receives first dose of Covid-19 vaccine
Congress expected to vote on COVID-19 relief, including stimulus checks and unemployment boost. Central to the bill are one-time stimulus checks of $600 per person in households making up to $75,000. The bill is also expected to include an expansion of jobless benefits by up to $300 per week for 11 weeks and money for small businesses and schools.
COVID-19 Study of Almost Ten Million Finds No Evidence of Asymptomatic Spread, Media Quiet
Wealthy patients are already trying to cut in line to get the shot.
After advising the public not to travel on Thanksgiving and limit celebrations to their immediate household, Deborah Birx, MD, the White House coronavirus task force coordinator, traveled with her family from two households during the holiday.
Notre Dame coach Brian Kelly said his team might not play in the college football playoffs if their families weren’t allowed to attend due to COVID restrictions. Sure enough, the Rose Bowl playoff game was moved to Texas late Saturday.
Fauci warns against ‘overreacting’ to new strain, advises against banning UK flights all while Cuomo, de Blasio urge federal restrictions on flights from UK
California governor reentering quarantine
Struggling movie theaters, entertainment venues to get $15B in federal aid
WebMD Poll: More Want COVID-19 Vaccine Earlier
70 London Flights Land in U.S. in 48 Hours As New COVID Strain Hits U.K.
Israel’s Netanyahu Warns of ‘New Pandemic’ Spreading, Closes Borders
Protesters angry over virus restrictions try to force their way into the Oregon statehouse
Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin said Monday that stimulus checks included in Congress’ new, $900 billion stimulus bill will hit American bank accounts as soon as next week.
The Covid-19 relief bill expected to be passed on Monday includes between $8 billion and $9 billion for vaccine distribution, according to summaries released by Democratic and Republican lawmakers.
National eviction ban will be extended through January in stimulus deal
With travel restrictions in place around the world, Zoom is gearing up for what could end up being its busiest day ever: Christmas Day. A spokesperson for Zoom indicated that the company was confident its servers will be able to cope with the demand.
Today’s Posts On Econintersect Showing Impact Of The Pandemic With Hyperlinks
October 2020 Credit Access Survey: Shows Plunge in Credit Demand and Access
When Inequality Is High, Pandemics Can Fuel Social Unrest
The Long Shadow Of Soaring US Debt
Coronavirus Vaccine: Understanding Trial Results, Roll-out And What Happens Next An Expert Guide
Warning to Readers
The amount of politically biased articles on the internet continues to increase. And studies and opinions of the experts continue to contradict other studies and expert opinions. Honestly, it is difficult to believe anything anymore. A study usually cannot establish cause and effect – but only correlation. Be very careful what you believe about this pandemic.
I assemble this coronavirus update daily – sifting through the posts on the internet. I try to avoid politically slanted posts (mostly from CNN, New York Times, and the Washington Post) and can usually find unslanted posts on that subject from other sources on the internet. I wait to publish posts on subjects that I cannot validate across several sources. But after all this extra work, I do not know if I have conveyed the REAL facts. It is my job to provide information so that you have the facts necessary – and then it is up to readers to draw conclusions.
Analyst Opinion of Coronavirus Data
There are several takeaways that need to be understood when viewing coronavirus statistical data:
- The global counts are suspect for a variety of reasons including political. Even the U.S. count has issues as it is possible that as much as half the population has had coronavirus and was asymptomatic. It would be a far better metric using a random sampling of the population weekly. In short, we do not understand the size of the error in the tracking numbers.
- Just because some of the methodology used in aggregating the data in the U.S. is flawed – as long as the flaw is uniformly applied – you establish a baseline. This is why it is dangerous to compare two countries as they likely use different methodologies to determine who has (and who died) from coronavirus.
- COVID-19 and the flu are different but can have similar symptoms. For sure, COVID-19 so far is much more deadly than the flu. [click here to compare symptoms]
- From an industrial engineering point of view, one can argue that it is best to flatten the curve only to the point that the health care system is barely able to cope. This solution only works if-and-only-if one can catch this coronavirus once and develops immunity. In the case of COVID-19, herd immunity may need to be in the 80% to 85% range. WHO warns that few have developed antibodies to COVID-19 when recovering from COVID-19. Herd immunity does not look like an option without immunization although there is now a discussion of whether T-Cells play a part in immunity [which means one might have immunity without antibodies]
- Older population countries will have a significantly higher death rate as there is relatively few hospitalizations and deaths in younger age groups..
- There are at least 8 strains of the coronavirus. New York may have a deadlier strain imported from Europe, compared to less deadly viruses elsewhere in the United States.
- Each publication uses different cutoff times for its coronavirus statistics. Our data uses 11:00 am London time. Also, there is an unexplained variation in the total numbers both globally and in the U.S.
What we do or do not know about the coronavirus [actually there is little scientifically proven information]. Most of our knowledge is anecdotal, from studies with limited subjects, or from studies without peer review.
- How many people have been infected as many do not show symptoms?
- Masks do work.
- Do we develop lasting immunity to the coronavirus? Another coronavirus – the simple cold – does not develop long term immunity.
- To what degree do people who never develop symptoms contribute to transmission? Research early in the pandemic suggested that the rate of asymptomatic infections could be as high as 81%. But a meta-analysis, which included 13 studies involving 21,708 people, calculated the rate of asymptomatic presentation to be 17%.
- The accuracy of rapid testing is questioned – and the more accurate test results are not being given in a timely manner.
- Can children widely spread coronavirus? [current thinking is that they are a minor source of the pandemic spread]
- Why have some places avoided big coronavirus outbreaks – and others hit hard?
- Air conditioning contributes to the pandemic spread.
- It appears that there is increased risk of infection and mortality for those living in larger occupancy households.
- Male patients have almost three times the odds of requiring intensive treatment unit (ITU) admission compared to females.
- Outdoor activities seem to be a lower risk than indoor activities.
- Will other medical treatments for Covid-19 ease symptoms and reduce deaths? So far only remdesivir, Bamlanivimab,
and Regeneron) are approved for treatment. What drugs work? - A current scientific understanding of the way the coronavirus works can be found [here].
There is now a vaccine available – the questions remain:
- how effective it will be in the general population,
- will there be any permanent side effects that will appear months from now,
- how long immunity will last [we can currently say we do not know if it will last more than 4 months],
- there is no evidence the vaccine will block transmission
Heavy breakouts of coronavirus have hit farmworkers. Farmworkers are essential to the food supply. They cannot shelter at home. Consider:
- they have high rates of respiratory disease [occupational hazard]
- they travel on crowded buses chartered by their employers
- few have health insurance
- they cannot social distance and live two to four to a room – and they eat together
- some reports say half are undocumented
- they are low paid and cannot afford not to work – so they will go to work sick
- they do not have access to sanitation when working
- a coronavirus outbreak among farmworkers can potentially shutter entire farm
The bottom line is that COVID-19 so far has been shown to be much more deadly than the data on the flu. Using CDC data, the flu has a mortality rate between 0.06 % and 0.11 % Vs. the coronavirus which to date has a mortality rate of 4 % [the 4% is the average of overall statistics – however in the last few months it has been hovering around 1.0%] – which makes it between 10 and 80 times more deadly. The reason for ranges:
Because influenza surveillance does not capture all cases of flu that occur in the U.S., CDC provides these estimated ranges to better reflect the larger burden of influenza.
There will be a commission set up after this pandemic ends to find fault [it is easy to find fault when a once-in-a-lifetime event occurs] and to produce recommendations for the next time a pandemic happens. Those that hate President Trump will conclude the virus is his fault.
Resources:
- Get the latest public health information from CDC: https://www.coronavirus.gov .
- Get the latest research from NIH: https://www.nih.gov/coronavirus.
- Find NCBI SARS-CoV-2 literature, sequence, and clinical content: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sars-cov-2/.
- List of studies: https://icite.od.nih.gov/covid19/search/#search:searchId=5ee124ed70bb967c49672dad
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