The Fed Turns 100: A Survey of the Critics

Special Report from Ludwig von Mises Institute

by Gregory Bresinger

End America’s central bank because it caused the crashes of 2008, 1987, and 1929 and will blunder again.

That’s what many critics are saying about the Federal Reserve System (the Fed), which turns 100 on December 23. They note that on the Fed’s watch America has endured numerous bubbles, crashes, and inflationary cycles that have greatly devalued the dollar. The Fed, they say, has caused or aggravated several crashes.

“The Fed’s performance over the century has been abysmal, no matter how you look at it,” says Professor Joseph Salerno, a business professor and monetary expert at Pace University.

William A. Fleckenstein, a hedge fund manager and the author of Greenspan’s Bubbles said:

“If you say the goal of the Fed was to prevent calamities, then you have to say that it has been a failure,”

Fleckenstein says he’s seen two bubbles over the past quarter century. He also believes that, under the Fed’s system of easy money, of interest rates of close to zero percent over the past few years that, “the Fed is once again creating a bubble.” The Fed should be abolished, he adds, because it has no accountability for its mistakes.

The length of the Fed’s charter is indefinite, said Fed sources, who would only speak on background. And that is generally the only way Fed sources will speak when asked about the bank’s current policies or historical record.

What is the Fed?

The Fed is a bank for banks that creates money. It is designed to be a lender of last resort to sick banks in times of crisis. And crisis is one reason why the United States finally returned to authorizing a central bank a century ago. (America had previously had a central bank in the 19th century, but its legislative re-authorization was vetoed by Andrew Jackson who railed against a central bank as the tool of moneyed interests.)

The Fed began with the goal of protecting the dollar. It was given the exclusive right to create money in 1913.

Aaccording to Robert Latham Owen, one of the authors of the original Federal Reserve Act:

The Fed would “provide a means by which periodic panics which shake the American Republic, and do it enormous injury, would be stopped“

Why was it given these powers?

After the Wall Street banking Panic of 1907 led numerous banks to fail, according to the official Federal Reserve history,

“there was a growing consensus among all Americans that a central banking authority was needed to ensure a healthy banking system and provide for an elastic currency.”

But critics claim the Fed has made things worse. Subsequent problems were the result of Fed governors giving in to political pressure, providing elastic or “cheap money.” This is the controversial Fed policy of setting interest rates. If set too low, the rates will mislead consumers and businesses, causing them to borrow too much. And that can lead to a cycle of boom and bust.

That’s what many believe happened in 2007-2008 as millions of Americans were encouraged through cheap-money policies to use subprime loans to buy homes they couldn’t afford. But Fed critics contend that it had happened before.

For instance, interest rates were dirt cheap in 1972, which led later to an economic disaster as inflation jumped to 10 percent and interest rates went to over 20 percent in the 1970s.

Fed Chairman Bernard Bernanke said in a recent speech “A Century of U.S. Central Banking: Goals, Framework, Accountability”:

“The consequence of the monetary framework of the 1970s was two bouts of double-digit inflation.”

These 1970s events killed interest sensitive industries and destroyed many small businesses that couldn’t obtain credit.

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These controversial money policies have lead to crashes, depressions, and recessions, including the crash of 1929 and resulting Great Depression, critics say. Some 10,000 banks failed between 1930 and 1933, according to Fed numbers.

Bernanke said in his speech:

“Tragically, the Fed failed to meet the mandate to maintain financial stability.”

According to the official Fed history:

“Many people blamed the Fed for failing to stem speculative lending that led to the crash, and some argued that inadequate understanding of monetary economics kept the Fed from pursuing polices that could have lessened the depth of the Depression.”

One of the people blaming the Fed was economist and monetary historian Milton Friedman. He criticized Fed policies for triggering the 1929 crash and then causing a depression that lasted over a decade.

According to The Great Contraction 1929-1933 by Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz:

“Throughout the contraction, the System [the Fed] had ample powers to cut short the tragic process of monetary deflation and banking collapse”

To Fed critics, the Great Depression of 1929 and the great inflation of the 1970s were part of a series of policy blunders that happened again in 2008.

Schwartz told the Wall Street Journal:

“There never would have been a subprime mortgage crisis if the Fed had been alert. This is something Alan Greenspan must answer for.”

In Greenspan’s memoir, The Age of Turbulence, the former Fed chairman conceded that Fed actions leading up to the crisis were dangerous. He wrote:

“I was aware that the loosening of mortgage credit terms for subprime borrowers increased financial risk, and that subsidized home ownership initiatives distort market outcomes.”

Still, Greenspan said he believes in the idea of every American having a home.

Economist Laurence Kotlikoff of Boston University says he’d give the Fed a C grade in its first century.

Kotlikoff said:

“It didn’t prevent the Great Depression or the Great Recession. It hasn’t fixed the core problems: opacity and leverage in the banking system”

Jeffrey Gundlach, the manager of the Doubleline Total Return Bond Fund added:

“Central banking has a poor record but other methods do as well.”

Which invests in mortgage backed securities. Gundlach has been very critical of cheap money policies of the Fed and predicted the crash of 2008. He believes the government should balance the budget first and then consider the Fed’s future.

Other critics, in reviewing the Fed’s record are harsher. They say it is time to end the Fed, in part because it favors certain banking interests.

Hunter Lewis, a money manager and the co-founder of Cambridge Associates, an investment advisory firm warns:

“The Fed is an instrument of crony capitalism.”

Salerno notes that the value of a 1913 dollar is now five cents:

“The Fed should be abolished because its legal monopoly of the money supply renders it an inherently inflationary institution able to create money at will and without limit.”

Salerno adds:

“History and current experience, reveal to us that groups endowed with a legal monopoly over any area of the economy are prone to use it to the hilt to enrich themselves, their friends and allies.”