by Dirk Ehnts, Econoblog101
The recent press release by the ECB that accompanied its decision to start quantitative easing (QE), which basically is an instrument to reduce long-term yields (and therefore, interest rates), contains the following lines:
The ECB will buy bonds issued by euro area central governments, agencies and European institutions in the secondary market against central bank money, which the institutions that sold the securities can use to buy other assets and extend credit to the real economy. In both cases, this contributes to an easing of financial conditions.
This is very interesting, because the monetary theory that this is based on is neoclassical. Other central banks do not follow this monetary theory and instead have opted for other theories, like the Bank of England (BoE). The BoE roughly follows Post-Keynesian theory, as a quote from one of their primers on money creation makes clear:
In the modern economy, most money takes the form of bank deposits. But how those bank deposits are created is often misunderstood: the principal way is through commercial banks making loans. Whenever a bank makes a loan, it simultaneously creates a matching deposit in the borrower’s bank account, thereby creating new money. The reality of how money is created today differs from the description found in some economics textbooks:
- Rather than banks receiving deposits when householdssave and then lending them out, bank lending createsdeposits.
- In normal times, the central bank does not fix the amount of money in circulation, nor is central bank money ‘multiplied up’ into more loans and deposits.
The latter basically means that central bank money can not be used by banks to make loans to the private sector (households and firms). That is in stark contrast to what the ECB has claimed above. It seems pretty clear that both cannot be right, since either banks lend out reserves or they don’t. Of course, what should follow now is a little ride through central bank and bank balance sheets, but that has been done by others like Randall Wray (in English) already (my own book is available in German only).
Given that Britain stayed out of the euro, after much intellectual debate (see Walters and Godley) which ended with widespread agreement to stay out, this is a very interesting discussion. After all, the future of Europe depends on whether the euro zone can be turned into a functional economic and social unit!
