Written by Steven Hansen
This noisy data series came in mixed. The data this month showed relatively strong income growth, but consumers decided not to spend it. Expenditures are no stronger than last month – and now indicating a poor start to 2Q2015 contribution to GDP.
- The market looks at current values (not real inflation adjusted) and was expecting:.
| Consensus Range | Consensus | Actual | |
| Personal Income – M/M change | 0.0 % to 0.5 % | 0.3 % | +0.4% |
| Consumer Spending – M/M change | 0.1 % to 0.4 % | 0.2 % | +0.0% |
| PCE Price Index — M/M change | 0.1 % to 0.3 % | 0.1 % | +0.0% |
| Core PCE price index – M/M change | 0.2 % to 0.2 % | 0.2 % | +0.1% |
- The monthly fluctuations are confusing. Looking at the inflation adjusted 3 month trend rate of growth, income trend is up and expenditures is down.
- Real Disposable Personal Income is up 3.5 year-over-year (accelerated 0.3% from last month), and real personal expenditures is up 2.7% year-over-year (unchanged from last month) – and consumption year-over-year growth is the same as the year-over-year growth of 1Q2015 GDP.
- this data is very noisy and as usual includes moderate backward revision (detailed below) – this month the changes were moderate.
- The second estimate of 1Q2014 GDP indicated the economy was contracting at 0.7% (quarter-over-quarter compounded). Expenditures are counted in GDP, and income is ignored as GDP measures the spending side of the economy. However, over periods of time – income and expenditure must grow at the same rate.
- The savings rate continues to be low historically, but improved this month.
The inflation adjusted income and consumption are “chained”, and headline GDP is inflation adjusted. This means the impact to GDP is best understood by looking at the chained numbers. Econintersect believes year-over-year trends are very revealing in understanding economic dynamics.
Per capita inflation adjusted expenditure has exceeded the pre-recession peak – but growth has been weak in 2015.
Seasonally and Inflation Adjusted Expenditure Per Capita
Per capita inflation adjusted income is above pre-recession levels – and improved this month.
Seasonally and Inflation Adjusted Income Per Capita
Backward revisions this month:
Estimates for personal income and DPI have been revised for October through March; estimates for PCE have been revised for January through March. Changes in personal income, in current-dollar and chained (2009) dollar DPI, and in current-dollar and chained (2009) dollar PCE for February and March — revised and as published in last month’s release — are shown below.
Estimates of wages and salaries were revised from October through March. The revision to fourth quarter wages and salaries reflected the incorporation of the most recently available BLS tabulations of fourth-quarter wages and salaries from the QCEW. Revised estimates for January, February, and March reflect extrapolations from the revised fourth-quarter level of wages. In addition, revisions to February and March reflect revised BLS employment, hours, and earnings data for those months.
The graph below illustrates the relationship between income (DPI) and expenditures (PCE) – showing clearly income and expenditures grow at nearly the same rate over time. In dollar terms, incomes are now growing faster than consumer expenditures – and this is positive for long term economic growth (as future spending is being banked).
Indexed to Jan 2000, Growth of Real Disposable Income (blue line) to Real Expenditures (red line)
The short term trends are mixed depending on the periods selected – but spending remains historically elevated.
Seasonally Adjusted Spending’s Ratio to Income (a declining ratio means consumer is spending less of its Income)
PCE is the spending of consumers. In the USA, the consumer is the economy. Likewise, personal income is the money consumers earn to spend. Even though most analysts concentrate on personal expenditures because GDP is based on spending, increases in personal income allow consumers the option to spend more.
There is a general correlation of PCE to GDP (PCE is a component of GDP). PCE is not very noisy compared to GDP, but subject at times to significant backward revision (see caveats below).
Seasonally and Inflation Adjusted Year-over-Year Change of Personal Consumption Expenditures (blue line) to GDP (red line)
Econintersect and GDP uses the inflation adjusted (chained) numbers. Disposable Personal Income (DPI) is the income after the taxes.
Seasonally & Inflation Adjusted Percent Change From the Previous Month – Personal Disposable Income (red line) and Personal Consumption Expenditures (blue line)
Yet year-over-year growth for income and expenditures is well above GDP growth.
Seasonally & Inflation Adjusted Year-over-Year Change – Personal Disposable Income (red line) and Personal Consumption Expenditures (blue line)
The savings rate has been bouncing around – but the general trend is down. In an economy driven by consumers, a higher savings rate does not bode well for increased GDP. This is one reason GDP may not be a good single metric of economic activity. The question remains what is the optimal savings rate for the current demographics. It might be expected that as people near retirement, the savings rate rises and after people retire, savings rate falls. Econintersect is not aware of any study which documents this effect. The graph below is from BEA table 2.6. The savings rate is now 5.6% – last month was 5.2%.
Personal Savings as a Percentage of Disposable Personal Income
And one look at the different price changes seen by the BEA in this PCE release versus the BEA’s GDP and BLS’s Consumer Price Index (CPI). We should note that the inflation adjustment is for PCE and Personal Income is usually lower than the ones used for GDP and CPI.
Year-over-Year Change – PCE’s Price Index (blue line) versus CPI-U (red line) versus GDP Deflator (green line)
Finally for recession watchers, here is the graph below, here are the elements used to mark a recession. (1) personal income less transfer payments, in real terms and (2) employment. In addition, we refer to two indicators with coverage primarily of manufacturing and goods: (3) industrial production and (4) the volume of sales of the manufacturing and wholesale-retail sectors adjusted for price changes.
If a line falls below the 0 (black line) – that sector is contracting from the previous month. Personal income is the blue line. Note – the below graph uses multipliers to make movements more obvious (ignore the value of the scale, only consider whether the graph is above [good] or below [bad] the zero line).
Month-over-Month Growth Personal Income less transfer payments (blue line), Employment (red line), Industrial Production (green line), Business Sales (orange line)
Caveats on the Use of Personal Income and Consumption Expenditure Data
PCE is a fairly noisy index and subject at times to significant backward revision. This index cannot be relied upon in real time.
This personal income and personal consumption expenditure data by itself is not a good tool to warn of an upcoming recession. Econintersect has shown that PCE is a distraction for recession watchers, with moves over a few months having a 30% accuracy of indicating a recession start, and a 70% incidence of indicating a non-recessionary event. The graph below shows the lack of correlation. Note, however, that PCE does have prolonged declines over many months associated with recessions but these long declines are not very good in “predicting” a recession until it is already underway.
Readers are warned that this article is based on seasonally adjusted data. Monthly non-adjusted data is available with a delay of several months.
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