from Liberty Street Economics
— this post authored by Marco Cipriani and Adam Copeland
In this post, the third in a series on GCF Repo, we describe dealers’ trading strategies. We show that most dealers exhibit highly regular strategies, using the GCF Repo service either to borrow or to lend, on net, on almost all the days in which they are active. Moreover, dealers’ strategies are highly persistent over time: Dealers that use GCF Repo to borrow (or to lend) in a given quarter are highly likely to continue to do so in the following quarter. Understanding how dealers trade in the GCF Repo market may provide insight about the role of the repo market more generally and about how recent regulations and market reforms can affect dealers’ trading strategies.
Background
The GCF Repo service, offered by the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation (FICC), allows dealers to exchange government securities for cash among themselves anonymously, with FICC as a central counterparty.
Dealers enter into GCF Repo contracts for various reasons, including raising funds, obtaining collateral, and providing transactional liquidity in the repo market. A previous LSE post describes dealers’ strategies at an aggregated level, showing that dealers affiliated with a bank holding company act differently, as a group, than unaffiliated dealers; in contrast, our work focuses on individual dealers, and the persistence of their GCF Repo market trading strategy.
Borrowers and Lenders
Using confidential GCF Repo data from the first half of 2015, we study whether dealers are consistently borrowing or lending cash (against securities) on net. We label dealers as “borrowers” if they are net borrowers of cash on at least 95 percent of the days in which they are active. Similarly, dealers are labeled as “lenders” if they are lending cash, on net, on at least 95 percent of the days in which they are active. Dealers that don’t fit into either category, and so have a mix of borrowing and lending, are labeled as “mixed.”
As seen in the table below, of the fifty-seven dealers active in GCF Repo over our sample period, eleven are classified as borrowers and twenty-nine as lenders. Only seventeen dealers pursued mixed strategies, where their net positions varied between borrowing and lending cash.
To measure the importance of a dealer’s net position to its total gross activity, we compute each dealer’s net-to-gross ratio and take the average for each group of dealers. Net activity is the sum of cash borrowed (a negative number) and cash loaned (a positive number) by a dealer in a day, and gross activity is the sum of the absolute value of cash borrowed and cash loaned. Borrowers’ mean net-to-gross ratio is -0.8, which means that 80 percent of borrowers’ total activity in GCF Repo is attributable to borrowing. By this measure, then, borrowers’ other strategies in GCF Repo take a backseat to raising funds. Similar results are found with lenders – 66 percent of lenders’ activity is attributable to lending.
Finally, we measure the size of borrowers and lenders and find that these two groups account for the majority of GCF Repo gross activity; borrowers’ share of total gross activity is 21.5 percent and lenders’ share is 44 percent.
To better understand the strategies of the seventeen dealers classified as mixed, we repeat our analysis above for a given asset class. We focus on the two that dominate GCF Repo activity – U.S. Treasuries, and Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac fixed-rate mortgage-backed securities. For each of these asset classes, we find that all dealers are classified as either borrowers or lenders (see the first column of the table below). In other words, those dealers that do not consistently borrow or lend in the GCF Repo market overall, labeled as “mixed” in our initial table, are persistent borrowers or lenders with respect to a given asset class; these dealers use the GCF Repo platform mainly to perform collateral swaps – in other words, to borrow against Treasuries and lend against Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac fixed-rate mortgages.
Persistence of Funding Strategy
We now turn to examining the persistence of dealers’ trading strategies in GCF Repo. The table below reports the frequency with which a borrower remains a borrower, becomes a lender, or becomes unclassified (mixed) between two given quarters during the period October 2012 to August 2015. As the first row of the table shows, 80 percent of borrowers in a given quarter remain borrowers in the following quarter; analogously, 92 percent of lenders remain lenders and 64 percent of mixed remain mixed. In other words, over our sample period, we find that dealers follow highly persistent strategies. Strikingly, borrowers never switched to become lenders from one quarter to the next and, similarly, lenders switched and became borrowers only 0.4 percent of the time.
Takeaways
We show that the majority of individual dealers follow consistent strategies in GCF Repo, where dealers are net borrowers or lenders on almost every day that they are active. We infer that the minority of dealers that switch between being net borrowers and net lenders consistently pursue collateral swapping strategies. Moreover, dealers’ strategies are highly persistent over time: Dealers that use the facility to borrow (or to lend) one quarter are very likely to do so the next.
Disclaimer
The views expressed in this post are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York or the Federal Reserve System. Any errors or omissions are the responsibility of the authors.
Source
About the Authors
Marco Cipriani is an officer in the Federal Reserve Bank of New York’s Research and Statistics Group.
Adam Copeland is also an officer in the Group.
